Chapter 3 Notes
I DIVERSITY OF CELLS
Cell=smallest piece can be alive
A. Cells & Cell Theory
Robert Hooke made microscope & named cells(little rooms)
1. Finding Cells in Other Organisms
Anton van Leeuwenhoek-made microscope & found protists & bacteria
2. Cell Theory
Matthias Schleiden-all plants made of cells
Theodore Schwann-all animals made of cells
(1) All organisms made of cells
(2) Cell basic unit of life
Rudolf Virchow
(3) Cells from other cells
B. Cell Size
Most cells tiny
Egg cells can be large
2. Many Small Cells
Cells small so can get food & waste in and out fast enough
Larger the cell, smaller surface area-to-volume ratio
C. Parts of a Cell
All cells have
1. Cell Membrane & Cytoplasm
Cell membrane-covers and protects cell Controls in/out
2. Organelles
Like little organs-perform specific job for cell
3. Genetic Material
DNA-carries info for new cells & functions
In some cells, DNA in nucleus(human blood cells lose DNA)
Bacteria have no nucleus
D. Two Types of Cells
Prokaryotic-no nucleus
Eukaryotic-with nucleus
E.Prokaryotes:Eubacteria & Archaebacteria
1. Eubacteria-common bacteria
Are everywhere, have loose DNA, no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, hard cell wall
Not common-are like Eubacteria but different in cell wall & ribosomes
Live in extreme places-heat-loving, salt-loving, and methane making
F. Eukaryotic Cells & Eukaryotes
Larger, have bound nucleus that holds DNA, bound organelles
Many are multicellular
II Eukaryotic Cells
A. Cell Wall=rigid, surrounds & supports cell
All plant cell walls made of cellulose
Fungi & bacteria-walls made of chitin and other things
Animal cell doesn’t have cell wall
Protects & encloses all cells-made of lipids
Controls in/out
Helps cell move & gives support
D. Nucleus=controls all of cells activities
Contains DNA=info to make proteins
Proteins control chemical processes
Nucleus in all Eukaryotic cells
Nucleolus=makes ribosomes
E. Ribosomes=make protein/protein synthesis
F. Endoplasmic Reticulum=ER
Folded membranes are internal delivery system of cell
Rough ER-with ribosomes smooth ER-without ribosomes
G. Mitochondria=power source of cell
Release ATP(energy in usable form)
In plants & algae, photosynthesis takes place there
I Golgi complex
Makes & packages proteins & sends to other parts of the cell
J. Cell Compartments
Vesicles-from Golgi complex, contain materials to move thru cell
K. Cellular Digestion
Lysosome=produces digestive enzymes, destroy worn-out/damaged organelles, protect
Mainly in animal cells
1. Vacuoles=large vesicles, store water, digestive enzymes & other things
III The Organization of Living Things
A. The Benefits of Being Multicellular
· Larger size
· Longer life
· Specialization
B. Cells Working Together
Cells->tissues
Muscle, nerve, connective, protective
C. Tissues Working Together
Tissues-> organs
Heart, lung, leaf,
1.Organs Working Together
Organs-> systems
D. Organisms
Unicellular
Multicellular
E. Structure and Function
Ex. alveoli
